The most commonly used energy storage technologies in microgrids include:
- Batteries: These are a leading choice, with lithium-ion batteries being particularly popular due to their high efficiency and current technological advancements. Other types of batteries, such as lead-acid and advanced lead-carbon, are also used.
- Pumped Hydro Storage: This method involves using excess energy to pump water from a lower reservoir to an upper one, where it can be released to generate electricity when needed. It is effective for storing large amounts of energy but requires significant space.
- Flywheels: These devices store energy kinetically by spinning at high speeds and can quickly provide power during short-term outages or grid fluctuations.
- Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES): Air is compressed during low-demand periods and stored in underground caverns. During peak demand, the air is expanded to generate electricity. This method is cost-effective but requires suitable geological formations.
- Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G): Electric vehicles can act as energy storage units by supplying power back to the grid during peak demand times, though this can lead to faster battery degradation.
These technologies enhance the reliability, efficiency, and sustainability of microgrids by allowing them to store excess energy generated during low-demand periods for use during high-demand times.
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