Perovskite solar cells present several health risks primarily linked to material toxicity and manufacturing processes:
Lead exposure risks
The lead content in high-efficiency perovskite formulations is the primary concern. Broken modules can leach soluble lead, potentially exceeding safety limits without protective layers. Lead exposure is linked to neurological, gastrointestinal, and developmental issues, particularly if perovskite layers degrade over time.
Organic tin compounds
Tin-based perovskites (used in lead-free alternatives) may contain organotins, which are associated with neurological problems and gastrointestinal symptoms. While inorganic tin is less harmful, organotin stability during device operation remains understudied.
Solvent hazards
Manufacturing involves solvents like dimethylformamide (DMF) and toluene, which are toxic. DMF poses occupational health risks and environmental contamination concerns, while toluene exposure harms aquatic life and vegetation. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a greener alternative with lower toxicity, though cells made with DMSO currently show efficiency trade-offs.
Degradation byproducts
Perovskites may decompose into harmful substances if encapsulation fails, releasing lead or other toxic components. Standardized leaching tests and sequestration methods are critical to mitigate these risks.
Key mitigation strategies
- Lead sequestration: Adding absorbent layers to prevent lead leakage.
- Solvent replacement: Adopting DMSO or other low-toxicity solvents.
- Recycling programs: Developing end-of-life management to recover lead and other materials.
Recent studies suggest risks may be overestimated if proper protective measures are implemented, but standardized protocols and further research remain essential.
Original article by NenPower, If reposted, please credit the source: https://nenpower.com/blog/what-are-the-potential-health-risks-associated-with-the-materials-used-in-perovskite-solar-cells/
