Currently, the most efficient heat transfer fluids used in thermal energy storage systems are diverse and depend on the application. Here are some key types:
- Liquid Metals: Liquid metals, such as gallium or tin, are gaining attention due to their high heat transfer rates and wide operating temperature ranges. They are particularly effective in systems requiring high thermal conductivity and stability at elevated temperatures.
- Nanofluids: By introducing nanoparticles like gold or graphene into traditional heat transfer fluids, nanofluids offer improved thermal conductivity and stability. They are versatile and can enhance the thermal performance of various systems.
- Advanced Molten Salts and Synthetic Oils: For applications like Concentrating Solar Power (CSP), advanced molten salts and synthetic oils are being developed to operate at higher temperatures (up to 425°C) and serve both as heat transfer fluids and thermal storage media. These fluids must have high thermal stability, low vapor pressure, and a freezing point at or below 0°C.
- Ethylene Glycol and Water: Traditional fluids like ethylene glycol-water mixtures are still widely used due to their cost-effectiveness and familiar handling characteristics. However, they have limitations in terms of thermal conductivity compared to newer technologies.
The choice of heat transfer fluid depends on the specific requirements of the thermal energy storage system, including temperature range, thermal conductivity, and operational simplicity.
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