The degradation of perovskite solar panels is influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Here are the main contributors:
Intrinsic Factors
- Ion Migration and Defects: Ion migration within the perovskite layer can lead to the formation of local electric fields, causing deprotonation of organic cations and reducing performance over time.
- Crystal Defects and Hysteresis: Defects, such as vacancies in the structure, and the phenomenon of hysteresis contribute to instability and degradation.
- Incomplete Solvent Removal: Poor solvent removal during fabrication can accelerate degradation.
- Poor Device Quality: Generally, poor device quality, including pinholes, reduces efficiency and accelerates degradation.
Extrinsic Factors
- UV Light and Photochemical Processes: Exposure to UV light can initiate photochemical reactions that alter the perovskite lattice structure, leading to phase segregation into non-photoactive phases.
- High Temperature and Humidity: Elevated temperatures and humidity levels facilitate the hydrolysis of organic cations (e.g., FA+), leading to formation of byproducts that cannot be reassembled into the perovskite structure.
- Oxygen Exposure: Interaction with oxygen can also contribute to degradation processes, particularly when combined with other factors like UV light and high temperatures.
- Moisture: Even under controlled conditions, moisture can lead to rapid breakdown of perovskites through hydrolysis of organic cations, such as methylammonium (MA+) and formamidinium (FA+).
Interactions with Device Components
- Interactions with Contacts and Transport Layers: Migration of ions from conductive contacts and interactions with hole-transport layers can further destabilize the perovskite layer, reducing efficiency over time.
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