The main emission sources for utility-scale energy storage can vary depending on the technology used. Here are some of the key sources of emissions:
- Materials and Manufacturing: Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), such as lithium-ion batteries, have significant emissions during their manufacturing phase due to the energy-intensive production of materials like lithium and other metals. For example, the construction and operation-related emissions for some BESS technologies can be as high as 40 kg CO2e/MWh.
- Construction Emissions: Emissions from the construction phase, including the use of diesel-powered equipment and materials like concrete and steel, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. This is particularly relevant for Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS), where these construction materials and processes are substantial.
- Energy Source for Charging: The emissions from energy storage systems also depend on how the energy is generated to charge them. If the energy is sourced from fossil fuels (coal or natural gas), it can lead to higher emissions, as seen in the case where energy storage might inadvertently favor coal over gas.
- Fuel-Related Emissions: Technologies like Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) often require natural gas to maintain system pressure, leading to significant fuel-related emissions during operation.
Here is a summary of these points in a table format:
| Energy Storage Technology | Main Emission Sources |
|---|---|
| BESS (Lithium-Ion) | Manufacturing, Construction Equipment, Material Extraction |
| PHS (Pumped Hydro) | Construction Materials (Concrete, Steel), Diesel Equipment |
| CAES (Compressed Air) | Fuel (Natural Gas), Operational Emissions |
| Other Sources | Energy Source for Charging (Fossil Fuels vs. Renewables) |
Overall, while energy storage is crucial for transitioning to renewable energy and reducing overall emissions, the choice of energy source and technology can significantly impact the environmental footprint.
Original article by NenPower, If reposted, please credit the source: https://nenpower.com/blog/what-are-the-main-emission-sources-for-utility-scale-energy-storage/
