There are three main types of thermal energy storage (TES) systems, each with distinct characteristics and applications:
Types of Thermal Energy Storage Systems
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Sensible Heat Storage
- Operation: This method stores thermal energy by changing the temperature of a medium without undergoing a phase change. Materials used include water, molten salts, rocks, and concrete.
- Advantages: Cost-effective and widely applicable. Water is the cheapest option, while molten salts offer high thermal capacity.
- Disadvantages: Requires more material to store the same amount of energy compared to other methods due to low specific heat capacity.
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Latent Heat Storage
- Operation: This method involves using phase change materials (PCMs) that absorb or release heat during their phase transition (e.g., solid to liquid). Common PCMs include paraffin wax, salt hydrates, and ice.
- Advantages: High thermal storage capacity during phase transition.
- Disadvantages: Performance degrades over multiple cycles.
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Thermochemical Heat Storage
- Operation: This system stores thermal energy through reversible chemical reactions that absorb or release heat upon the combination or separation of materials.
- Advantages: Offers long-term storage capability and high energy density, suitable for high-temperature applications.
- Disadvantages: Still in the early stages of development.
Each type of TES system has its unique applications and benefits, playing crucial roles in integrating intermittent renewable energy sources into the energy grid.
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