Solid-State Batteries Set to Revolutionize Electric Vehicles with 1500 km Range and Triple Charging Speed

With a range of 1500 kilometers and a charging speed three times faster? Solid-state batteries are on the brink of a breakthrough moment. On April 10, SAIC Motor Corporation made a significant announcement during its “SAIC Night” event: “Our next-generation all-solid-state battery will begin mass production by the end of this year, and the ‘Light-Enabled Battery’ will officially launch in 2027.” This brief statement has brought the topic of solid-state batteries, previously confined to laboratory discussions and niche industry circles, into the public spotlight.

The all-solid-state battery, co-developed by SAIC and Qingtao Energy, boasts an energy density exceeding <b>400Wh/kg</b>, significantly surpassing that of traditional batteries. Its volumetric energy density reaches <b>820Wh/L</b>, offering a clear advantage in space utilization efficiency, which can greatly enhance vehicle design and lightweight construction. In terms of safety, this solid-state battery has achieved "zero fire and zero explosion" in puncture tests and at <b>200°C</b> in thermal environments, alleviating concerns about battery safety. Additionally, its low-temperature performance is impressive, with a low-temperature capacity retention rate of over <b>90%</b>. In frigid conditions of <b>-20°C</b>, the range degradation can be controlled to within <b>10%</b>, significantly expanding the operational range of electric vehicles in cold climates.

The advancements in solid-state battery technology are not isolated incidents. Just three days prior to SAIC's announcement, Ganfeng Lithium, the world's largest lithium mining company, announced the commencement of its <b>4GWh</b> solid-state battery production line. The Dongfeng E70 taxi, powered by this battery, has completed a remarkable <b>2.3 million kilometers</b> of road tests, providing robust data support for the practical application of solid-state batteries. On the international front, Toyota and Panasonic's joint venture, Prime Planet Energy & Solutions, also announced that they would accelerate mass production of solid-state batteries to <b>2027</b>, targeting a range of <b>1200 kilometers</b>. This development is sure to invigorate the global solid-state battery sector, motivating more companies to explore this technology.

<h2>Technological Revolution: Transitioning from Liquid to Solid</h2>
The emergence of solid-state batteries has fundamentally transformed the underlying architecture of traditional lithium batteries, leading to comprehensive changes across material systems, performance metrics, and production processes.

<h3>1.1 Disruption of Material Systems</h3>
In the research and development of solid-state batteries, three technical routes have emerged: sulfide, oxide, and polymer. Major players like Toyota and CATL are focusing on the sulfide route, renowned for its ionic conductivity close to that of liquid batteries (<b>10⁻²S/cm</b>). High ionic conductivity facilitates smoother ion movement within the battery, enhancing charging and discharging efficiency. Laboratory data indicates that sulfide materials can achieve an energy density exceeding <b>500Wh/kg</b>. However, sulfide materials react with water to produce toxic hydrogen sulfide gas, necessitating extremely stringent production conditions, including a completely dry and oxygen-free environment.

BYD has taken a different approach by opting for the oxide route, with lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO) being a representative oxide electrolyte known for its thermal stability. The oxide electrolyte maintains stable structure and performance under high-temperature conditions, avoiding performance degradation seen with some other materials. This stability provides unique advantages when paired with high-nickel ternary cathode materials, which also demand high thermal stability.

SAIC’s polymer route offers distinct benefits as well. Polymer materials possess a flexible ionic transport structure, allowing for excellent compatibility with existing production processes without requiring significant upgrades to equipment. This reduces the costs and complexities of transitioning production lines. Furthermore, the flexible structure helps alleviate stress issues caused by volume changes during charging and discharging, thereby improving battery cycle life.

<h3>1.2 Performance Metrics Leap</h3>
Compared to traditional liquid lithium batteries, solid-state batteries have achieved a qualitative leap in performance metrics. Currently, mainstream liquid batteries have an energy density of approximately <b>250-300Wh/kg</b>, while laboratory samples of solid-state batteries have surpassed <b>600Wh/kg</b>, directly translating to significantly enhanced driving ranges for electric vehicles. Chery's "Kongpeng All-Solid-State Battery" aims for a range of <b>1500 kilometers</b>, meeting the long-distance travel needs of most consumers and breaking through the limitations of electric vehicle range. GAC Aion's Haobo model plans to incorporate solid-state batteries by <b>2026</b>, targeting a range exceeding <b>1000 kilometers</b>, alleviating range anxiety for urban commuters and short-distance travelers.

Safety has always been a core concern in the development of electric vehicles. The non-flammable nature of solid electrolytes ensures high safety during extreme testing scenarios such as puncturing and crushing. BYD's test data reveals that its solid-state batteries have reduced thermal runaway risks by <b>90%</b> compared to liquid batteries. In puncture tests, traditional liquid batteries may leak electrolytes and short-circuit, leading to fire or explosion; however, solid-state batteries are stable even under puncture stress, eliminating such dangers. In compression tests, solid-state batteries can withstand greater pressure without safety incidents, ensuring safe operation for electric vehicles.

Fast charging capability is another critical performance metric, and solid-state batteries demonstrate significant potential in this area. Toyota plans to launch solid-state battery vehicles in <b>2027</b> that support charging of <b>1200 kilometers</b> in just <b>10 minutes</b>, marking a threefold increase in charging speed compared to current electric vehicles. In the future, electric cars will only need a brief stop of <b>10 minutes</b> at highway service areas to recharge sufficiently for journeys exceeding <b>1000 kilometers</b>, vastly improving the convenience of electric vehicle use.

<h3>1.3 Transformation of Production Processes</h3>
The wet coating processes used in traditional liquid battery production are increasingly revealing their limitations when it comes to solid-state battery manufacturing. This process requires large amounts of solvents to dissolve electrode materials and binders, followed by a series of complex operations, including coating and drying. This high-energy consumption process also poses challenges for solvent recovery and treatment, exerting pressure on the environment. To address these issues, various companies are investing in research and development to explore new processes suitable for solid-state battery production.

CATL has developed a dry electrode technology that presents a fresh perspective for solid-state battery production. This technique enables the direct mixing and pressing of solid electrolyte powders with active materials, eliminating the need for solvents and their recovery processes. This not only significantly reduces energy consumption during production, but also minimizes environmental impact and enhances production efficiency. Estimates suggest that the use of dry electrode technology can reduce energy consumption by over <b>30%</b>.

Qingtao Energy has innovated with magnetron sputtering technology, which can deposit solid electrolyte films with nanometer-level precision. This technology's advantage lies in its ability to control the thickness and quality of the electrolyte films, effectively addressing the contact issues at the solid-solid interface. The quality of contact between solid electrolytes and electrodes is crucial for battery performance and lifespan, and precise film deposition improves the overall performance of the battery.

<h2>Industry Race: Automotive Companies and Capital's Arms Race</h2>
<h3>2.1 Strategic Positioning by Automakers</h3>
Major automotive companies are leveraging solid-state batteries as a pivotal point in a technological revolution, striving to secure competitive advantages. BYD has consistently invested heavily in battery technology research and development. Currently, BYD plans to initiate a demonstration project for sulfide solid-state batteries in <b>2027</b>, aiming for an energy density of <b>400Wh/kg</b>. In its solid-state battery development process, BYD not only delves deep into material systems but also emphasizes collaboration with upstream and downstream enterprises to enhance its competitiveness in the solid-state battery sector.

Changan Auto is also actively engaging in this race, with plans to produce its "Golden Bell" battery by <b>2027</b>, targeting a range exceeding <b>1500 kilometers</b>. Changan is employing a model that combines industry, academia, and research by collaborating with well-known universities and research institutions to tackle technical challenges. Additionally, Changan is increasing investment in the manufacturing segment, constructing advanced production lines for solid-state batteries to prepare for mass production.

On the international stage, Mercedes-Benz has teamed up with Factorial Energy, planning to launch a solid-state battery-powered EQS model by <b>2026</b>. This collaboration allows Mercedes to leverage Factorial Energy’s strengths in solid-state battery technology while utilizing its own expertise in automotive design and manufacturing to create competitive high-end electric vehicle products.

<h3>2.2 Restructuring the Supply Chain</h3>
The industrialization of solid-state batteries is triggering a comprehensive restructuring of the power battery supply chain. In the upstream material sector, the surge in demand for lithium, sulfur, and silicon due to solid-state batteries has created new developmental opportunities. As a core material, lithium's demand is expected to rise significantly in the solid-state battery era.

Leading lithium mining companies like Tianqi Lithium and Ganfeng Lithium are ramping up lithium mining efforts globally while actively investing in the research and production of solid-state battery materials. For instance, Ganfeng Lithium has made significant breakthroughs in lithium metal anode materials and has established close collaborative relationships with upstream and downstream companies to ensure stable raw material supply.

The widespread application of sulfide routes in solid-state battery development has led to a dramatic increase in the demand for zirconium materials, which play a crucial role in stabilizing structures and enhancing performance in sulfide electrolytes. Consequently, companies are increasing investments in zirconium mining and processing, as well as developing new zirconium-based materials to meet the needs of the solid-state battery industry.

In the midstream equipment sector, traditional lithium battery equipment is insufficient to meet the production requirements of solid-state batteries, necessitating comprehensive upgrades. Specialized equipment such as dry electrode coating and magnetron sputtering deposition are becoming the new focal points in the market. Companies like Xian Dai Intelligent and Yinghe Technology are keenly seizing this market opportunity, intensifying their investment in the development of solid-state battery production equipment. Xian Dai Intelligent has launched a series of complete line solutions for solid-state battery production, including dry electrode production lines and solid electrolyte coating equipment, achieving high automation and intelligence to improve production efficiency and product quality.

In the downstream application sector, the range of solid-state battery applications is continuously expanding. Beyond their widespread use in new energy vehicles, solid-state batteries are accelerating penetration into energy storage, eVTOL (electric vertical takeoff and landing) vehicles, and drones. Ganfeng Lithium's <b>21700</b> cylindrical solid-state battery, with an energy density ranging from <b>330-400Wh/kg</b>, is already successfully adapting to low-altitude economic scenarios due to its high energy density and safety performance. In energy storage, solid-state batteries' long lifespan, high safety, and high energy density make them ideal for large-scale energy storage systems. Some companies are now constructing energy storage stations based on solid-state batteries to regulate peak and valley loads and enhance the stability of power systems.

<h3>2.3 Strong Policy Support</h3>
Globally, governments are increasingly recognizing the importance of solid-state batteries in driving the development of new energy industries and achieving energy transitions. As a result, they are implementing a series of policy measures to provide robust support for the development of the solid-state battery industry. China has included solid-state batteries in its "14th Five-Year Plan" for strategic emerging industries, clearly defining their importance at the national strategic level. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has initiated the construction of a standard system for solid-state batteries, aiming to guide companies in standardizing production, improving product quality, and fostering the healthy and orderly development of the solid-state battery industry.

Simultaneously, local governments have rolled out supportive policies, with Guangdong Province offering subsidies of up to <b>30 million yuan</b> for solid-state battery equipment investments, motivating companies to upgrade their production equipment for solid-state batteries. In Europe, the European Union has launched the "European Battery Innovation Initiative," investing <b>500 million euros</b> annually to support the research and development of advanced battery technologies, including solid-state batteries. This initiative aims to integrate research capabilities across European countries, strengthen industry-academia collaboration, and drive technological breakthroughs in the solid-state battery field. Through government funding, research institutions and companies in Europe have significantly increased their investments in solid-state battery R&D, achieving important results in material systems, production processes, and more.

The United States is also actively pursuing similar goals. The Inflation Reduction Act offers tax credits and other incentives to solid-state battery companies, lowering operational costs and enhancing profitability, thus attracting more capital into the solid-state battery industry. Many American companies are seizing this opportunity to accelerate their research and production of solid-state batteries, promoting rapid development in the U.S. solid-state battery sector.

<h2>Commercialization Challenges: Crossing the "Valley of Death" from Lab to Mass Production</h2>
<h3>3.1 Technical Bottlenecks to Overcome</h3>
Despite significant advancements in solid-state battery technology, achieving large-scale commercial production still faces numerous technical bottlenecks. One major issue is the solid-solid interface impedance, which is over 100 times that of traditional liquid batteries. This high impedance severely impacts the charging and discharging efficiency and overall performance of the battery. To address this, the Institute of Physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed an "atomic layer deposition" technology that forms a nanoscale buffer layer at the solid-solid interface. This buffer layer displays excellent ionic conductivity and interface compatibility, effectively reducing contact resistance and lowering impedance to below <b>5Ω·cm²</b>. This technology has significantly improved the charging and discharging efficiency and extended the battery's cycle life.

The growth of lithium dendrites also poses a significant challenge for solid-state battery development. In traditional liquid lithium batteries, lithium dendrite growth is already a significant safety and lifespan concern. While solid-state electrolytes possess greater mechanical strength, lithium metal anodes may still develop dendrites during charging and discharging. Such dendrites can penetrate the solid electrolyte, leading to internal short circuits and safety incidents. CATL has addressed this challenge with "in-situ lithium replenishment" technology, which adds a special lithium source to the electrolyte. During the charging and discharging process, when dendrite growth is detected, the lithium source can release lithium ions to dynamically repair the anode structure and suppress dendrite growth, enhancing the battery's safety and stability.

The complexity of production processes is another key factor limiting the commercialization of solid-state batteries. For instance, sulfide electrolytes require extremely stringent production environments, leading to significantly higher production costs. Currently, the production cost of sulfide electrolytes ranges from <b>10,000 to 40,000 yuan</b> per kilogram. To reduce costs, Toyota has developed "dry mixing" technology, which mixes sulfide powder with binders directly, eliminating the need for solvents and complicated environmental controls, thus substantially lowering production costs and difficulties.

<h3>3.2 High Costs Persist</h3>
At present, the cost of solid-state batteries is approximately <b>1.9 to 6.2 yuan/Wh</b>, which is <b>4 to 5 times</b> that of traditional liquid batteries. A <b>100 kWh</b> battery pack can exceed <b>200,000 yuan</b> in material costs. Such high costs pose significant challenges for the market promotion of solid-state batteries. The elevated costs not only lead to high vehicle prices, increasing the cost of ownership for consumers, but also limit the application of solid-state batteries in cost-sensitive areas such as large-scale energy storage. However, with continuous technological advancements and the push for mass production, a downward trend in solid-state battery costs is gradually emerging. As sulfide electrolytes achieve large-scale production and advanced manufacturing techniques become widespread, it is expected that by <b>2030</b>, solid-state battery costs could fall below <b>0.4 yuan/Wh</b>, nearing or even matching the cost levels of liquid batteries. At that point, solid-state batteries will have a competitive edge in terms of cost, laying a solid foundation for their widespread commercial application.

<h3>3.3 Market Acceptance Challenges</h3>
Consumer perceptions of solid-state batteries exhibit considerable discrepancies, complicating their commercialization. Research indicates that <b>65%</b> of consumers mistakenly believe that "solid-state batteries have already achieved mass production." In reality, the first models equipped with solid-state batteries are not expected until <b>2027</b>, with projected prices likely exceeding one million yuan. During promotional efforts, some automakers' marketing of "concept vehicles" has lagged behind actual production progress, which has somewhat eroded market trust. Consumers may develop overly high expectations based on various promotions for solid-state batteries, but when they discover that actual products are slow to arrive and costly, disappointment may ensue, affecting their willingness to purchase solid-state battery products.

<h2>Future Outlook: Reconstruction of the Solid-State Battery Ecosystem</h2>
<h3>4.1 New Pathways through Technological Integration</h3>
Solid-state batteries are not developing in isolation; instead, they are merging with other cutting-edge technologies to build a new ecosystem in the transportation and energy sectors. The integration with the <b>800V</b> high-voltage platform offers broader scope for solid-state battery performance. Solid-state batteries inherently possess high rate characteristics, enabling rapid charging and discharging, while the <b>800V</b> platform can reduce current and minimize thermal losses due to resistance, enhancing charging efficiency. Together, they can provide an exceptional experience of "charging for 5 minutes for a range of 200 kilometers."

The Porsche Mission R concept car exemplifies this technological combination, featuring a high-performance solid-state battery that works in tandem with an <b>800V</b> high-voltage architecture. This synergy not only significantly reduces charging times but also enhances overall vehicle performance, setting a precedent for the future development of high-performance electric vehicles. This model of technological integration will bring the charging speed of electric vehicles closer to the convenience of refueling traditional vehicles, fundamentally altering consumer perceptions of electric vehicle range and charging.

In the new energy sector, hydrogen fuel cells are also complementing solid-state batteries. In passenger vehicles, solid-state batteries, with their high energy density and relatively convenient charging, are better suited for daily travel needs. Conversely, hydrogen fuel cells, with their long range, rapid refueling capabilities, and strong carrying capacity, are ideal for larger vehicles like heavy trucks and long-distance buses. In China, the complementary layout of "hydrogen highways" and ultra-fast charging networks is accelerating. Hydrogen stations are being constructed along highways to ensure long-distance operation for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, while ultra-fast charging stations are densely situated in urban and suburban areas to meet the fast-charging needs of solid-state battery passenger vehicles. This "electric-hydrogen" hybrid energy ecosystem will fully leverage the strengths of both technologies and promote a comprehensive green transformation in the transportation sector.

The rise of AI technology has also injected significant momentum into solid-state battery research and development. AI technologies not only improve R&D efficiency but also reduce costs, enabling companies to launch higher-performing solid-state battery products in shorter timeframes. Moreover, AI can be applied in the production process for quality control and optimization of manufacturing workflows, allowing for real-time monitoring of each stage of battery production, promptly identifying and resolving potential issues to ensure stable and consistent product quality. CATL's "Intelligent Material Design Platform" exemplifies the empowerment of battery R&D through AI. Utilizing machine learning algorithms, this platform can analyze and predict vast amounts of material data, quickly identifying potentially advantageous electrolyte formulations and significantly reducing the typical R&D cycle from <b>18 months</b> to just <b>3 months</b>.

<h3>4.2 Reshaping the Industrial Landscape</h3>
The rise of solid-state batteries is shaking the traditional automotive industry landscape, leading to comprehensive restructuring. On the automaker level, companies that achieve mass production of solid-state batteries first will establish technological barriers in market competition. Leading companies like BYD and Toyota, with their robust R&D capabilities and extensive supply chain resources, have strategically positioned themselves early in the solid-state battery sector, controlling the entire industry chain from raw material supply to battery production and vehicle manufacturing. This vertical integration enables them to better withstand market fluctuations and control costs, allowing for the rapid application of advanced solid-state battery technology in their models and attracting more consumers to solidify their market positions.

Conversely, smaller and medium-sized automakers that lack technological accumulation and financial investment may fall behind in the solid-state battery technology race, relegating them to the status of mere "contract manufacturers," reliant on providing services to larger companies for survival and losing their autonomy in innovation and market competition.

Battery manufacturers are also facing a brutal reshuffling. CATL, which has dominated the liquid battery era, possesses significant advantages in technology and market share, but its position in the solid-state battery sector is increasingly challenged by emerging companies like Weilan New Energy and Huineng Technology. These companies, focused on solid-state battery R&D, are rapidly capturing market share with unique technological routes and innovative business models. Weilan New Energy has achieved several key technological breakthroughs in oxide solid-state electrolytes, surpassing traditional battery manufacturers in some performance metrics, while Huineng Technology aims to develop flexible solid-state batteries for emerging fields like wearable devices and foldable smartphones, making a name for itself in niche markets. The rise of these new enterprises disrupts the monopolistic landscape of the traditional battery market and accelerates technological innovation and product upgrades across the industry.

For material companies, the development of solid-state batteries presents unprecedented opportunities. Sulfide electrolyte manufacturers like Asahi Kasei, with their deep-rooted expertise in sulfide material R&D and production, play a pivotal role in the solid-state battery supply chain. As the sulfide route becomes more widely adopted, Asahi Kasei has seen a significant rise in market demand and profitability. Similarly, lithium metal anode supplier Ganfeng Lithium has also benefited from solid-state battery trends, making notable progress in technology innovation and production capacity expansion, satisfying its internal solid-state battery production needs while providing high-quality raw materials to other battery manufacturers, further solidifying its leading position in the global lithium industry. Additionally, many firms focusing on the development of new materials are entering the solid-state battery sector, seeking to carve out a share of this emerging market by developing materials with unique properties, such as high ionic conductivity ceramics and new polymer composites.

<h3>4.3 Policy and Capital Dynamics</h3>
National policies play a crucial role in shaping the development pathways of solid-state battery technology. Different countries have established distinct policy orientations based on their resource endowments, industrial foundations, and strategic objectives, resulting in a diversified technological development landscape. As the world's largest market for new energy vehicles and battery production, China is concentrating its national research strengths on the sulfide route through innovative mechanisms like "ranking and leadership." This decision is based on the significant potential of the sulfide route in energy density and fast charging performance, as well as China's existing foundation in related material R&D and production. With government funding and policy support, numerous domestic research institutions and companies are investing in the R&D of sulfide solid-state batteries, achieving significant breakthroughs in material synthesis, interface modification, and production processes.

The European Union, on the other hand, is inclined to adopt a parallel development strategy for oxides and polymers. With its advanced material science research foundation and mature automotive industry system, the EU possesses deep technical accumulation in oxide and polymer materials. Through policy tools such as the "European Battery Innovation Initiative," the EU encourages companies and research institutions to simultaneously focus on both technical routes, fully leveraging their respective advantages to achieve diversified technological development. This strategy not only helps mitigate R&D risks but also provides varied battery solutions for different application scenarios.

The United States, leveraging its strong technological prowess and rich capital resources, has opted to bet on lithium metal anode technology. Lithium metal anodes, with their exceptionally high theoretical specific capacity, are one of the key technological directions for enhancing battery energy density. The U.S. government is attracting significant capital into the R&D of lithium metal anodes and related solid-state battery technologies through tax credits and research funding. Numerous American tech companies and academic research teams are actively exploring this area, yielding a series of innovative results that propel lithium metal anode technology forward.

On the capital front, the solid-state battery sector has become a hot investment avenue. In <b>2024</b>, financing in this field surpassed <b>30 billion yuan</b>, with <b>60%</b> directed towards the sulfide route. The influx of capital provides ample funding support for the R&D and industrialization of solid-state battery technology, accelerating the pace of technological innovation and product iteration. However, this influx also intensifies competition among different technological routes. The profit-driven nature of capital leads investors to focus more on projects capable of achieving technological breakthroughs and commercial viability in the short term, which may affect the direction and pace of technological development. Moreover, concentrated investment may cause some technological routes to overheat, resulting in excess capacity, necessitating government and industry association guidance and regulation to ensure rational capital allocation and healthy industry development.

<h3>4.4 The "Singularity Moment" for Solid-State Batteries</h3>
Undoubtedly, <b>2027</b> will be a pivotal milestone in the industrialization process of solid-state batteries. As the first batch of vehicles equipped with all-solid-state batteries rolls off production lines, the automotive industry is poised to encounter a transformative "singularity moment." The long-standing "range anxiety" that has plagued electric vehicle consumers may finally find a fundamental solution. With an ultra-long range of <b>1500 kilometers</b>, electric vehicles will adequately meet the interprovincial long-distance travel needs of the majority of consumers, establishing themselves as reliable transportation options.

Simultaneously, the charging time will drastically decrease to <b>10 minutes</b>, comparable to traditional refueling times, fundamentally altering consumer travel habits. Electric vehicles will excel in convenience, eliminating the need for meticulous planning of charging stations before long trips and removing the lengthy wait times for charging. As a result, electric vehicles will become the preferred choice for daily commutes and long-distance travel, greatly expanding travel freedom and convenience.

The reconstruction of safety trust will also gradually occur with the widespread adoption of solid-state batteries. The zero self-ignition characteristic will become a new label for electric vehicles, completely eliminating consumer fears and concerns regarding battery safety. Insurers are likely to capitalize on this change by introducing "solid-state battery exclusive insurance," devising more reasonable rates based on the high safety characteristics of solid-state batteries, thereby reducing consumer costs. This not only enhances consumer confidence in purchasing electric vehicles but also promotes healthy development in the overall electric vehicle insurance market, creating a virtuous cycle.

The energy system will undergo profound transformations due to the extensive use of solid-state batteries. With the rapid growth of electric vehicle charging demands and significant enhancements in charging speeds, the electrical grid will face substantial upgrade pressures. To meet high-power fast charging demands, the grid will need to strengthen smart grid construction, improve power distribution and management capabilities, and increase investments in charging infrastructure. From a geopolitical perspective, the development of solid-state batteries will lead to a reshaping of global resource dynamics and geopolitical relationships. As demand for lithium resources doubles, countries rich in lithium, such as those in Africa and South America, will gain significant influence in the global energy market. These countries will leverage their resource advantages, playing increasingly important roles in the global lithium supply chain, enhancing economic ties and political interactions with battery-producing and vehicle-manufacturing nations.

As the world's largest consumer of lithium and battery production country, China stands to solidify its position in this global resource competition. By strengthening cooperation with resource-rich countries and enhancing resource security, while promoting technological innovation to improve lithium resource utilization efficiency, China is well-positioned to maintain a leading edge in the global solid-state battery industry and enhance its influence in the global energy sector.

However, it is essential to recognize that this technological revolution will not be achieved overnight. Academician Ouyang Minggao has pointed out that solid-state batteries will undergo a gradual development process from "semi-solid to quasi-solid to all-solid," with large-scale commercialization likely not occurring until after <b>2030</b>. Throughout this lengthy journey, numerous uncertainties and challenges exist between technological breakthroughs and industrialization. Therefore, automakers, battery manufacturers, material companies, and research institutions must collaborate to build an open and cooperative ecosystem. Only through collective efforts and the convergence of wisdom and strength can we cross the "Valley of Death" from lab to large-scale commercial application, ushering in the golden age of solid-state batteries and bringing new hope for the sustainable development of the global automotive and energy sectors.