Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries offer significantly higher energy density compared to conventional lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in real-world applications. Specifically, Li-S batteries have a theoretical energy density of up to about 500 to 550 Wh/kg, whereas Li-ion batteries typically range between 150 and 260 Wh/kg. This means Li-S batteries can potentially store two to three times more energy by weight than Li-ion batteries.
This higher energy density advantage comes from the use of sulfur, which is lighter and more abundant than the metals such as cobalt and nickel used in Li-ion batteries. Also, metallic lithium in Li-S batteries enables higher specific energy compared to lithium ions intercalated in Li-ion battery electrodes.
However, in practical use, Li-S batteries currently face challenges such as shorter cycle life (often 300-500 cycles) and capacity fade due to polysulfide dissolution, limiting their longevity relative to Li-ion batteries that commonly exceed 1000 cycles. Despite these limitations, ongoing research aims to improve the cycle stability and commercial viability of Li-S batteries, which could make their superior energy density more accessible in future applications.
In summary, lithium-sulfur batteries provide roughly 2-3 times the energy density of lithium-ion batteries in real-world scenarios but currently have shorter lifespans and cycle durability. They hold promise for applications requiring high energy storage at lower cost and weight, pending improvements in their operational longevity.
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