Temperature significantly impacts the performance and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries. Here’s how:
Performance at Low Temperatures
- Chemical Reaction Slowing: In cold temperatures (below 15°C/59°F), the chemical reactions within lithium-ion batteries slow down, reducing power output and performance.
- Lithium Plating: Charging lithium-ion batteries in very cold conditions (below 32°F) can lead to lithium plating, where lithium ions deposit on the anode surface, forming metallic lithium. This process can cause permanent capacity loss and safety risks due to the potential formation of dendrites that may short circuit the battery.
- Reduced Efficiency: Batteries may shut down prematurely due to decreased efficiency in extreme cold.
Performance at High Temperatures
- Accelerated Chemical Reactions: High temperatures above 35°C (95°F) accelerate chemical reactions within the battery, enhancing performance but also speeding up degradation and reducing the battery’s lifespan.
- Increased Capacity Temporarily: Higher temperatures can temporarily increase storage capacity by about 20% when temperatures rise from 77°F to 113°F. However, this comes at the cost of faster aging.
- Thermal Runaway Risk: Overheating can lead to thermal runaway, a dangerous condition where the battery can catch fire or explode due to uncontrollable heat generation.
Optimal Operating and Storage Conditions
- Operating: Lithium-ion batteries generally perform best between 15°C and 35°C (59°F to 95°F).
- Storage: Batteries should be stored between -20°C and 25°C (-4°F to 77°F) to maintain capacity and minimize self-discharge. Avoid storing batteries in vehicles exposed to direct sunlight or freezing temperatures without proper protection.
Original article by NenPower, If reposted, please credit the source: https://nenpower.com/blog/how-does-temperature-affect-the-performance-of-lithium-ion-batteries/
